參考答案:
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C IO. A
11. D, were 12. D, saving
13. C, family-run 14. C, environmental
15. B, that 16. A, in
17. C, to make 18. D, skinned
19. B, great 20. D, until
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A
26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C
31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C
36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B
41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B
46. C 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D
51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. A
56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D
61. C 62. A 63. B 64. C 65. D
66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. A
71.幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定,但現代史學家的實踐最趨向於認爲歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實並對其做出解釋。
72.人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論,主要是因爲史學界內部意見不一,其次是因爲外界並不認爲歷史是一門學問。
73.在這種轉變中,歷史學家研究歷史時,那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。
74.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域適用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。
75.這種謬誤同樣存在於歷史傳統派和歷史社科派;前者認爲歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論,後者認爲歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
作文:
【審題解題】
1999年的考研英語寫作繼1997年之後再次考察了圖表作文,也是至今爲止最後一次考圖表作文,其後一直考的都是圖畫作文。這一次給出了兩幅圖表,分別標示了美國人口的增長與物種的滅絕。我們截取共同的1800的到1900年的情況,可以發現兩個數據均呈上升的趨勢,由此可以得出人口增長很大程度上導致物種滅絕的結論。
提綱要求我們寫三點,第一點是寫人口增長對野生動植物的影響。第二點寫可能的原因。第三點是寫自己對野生動植行保護的建議。第一段自然是描述數據,而後得出結論。第二段可以在統領句後爲三點來寫。第三段分爲政府和公民兩個方面來說。
【核心詞彙】
soar高漲,劇增
rapid growth of U. S. population 美國人口的快速增長
sharp decline of wildlife species 野生動植物種類的迅速下降
result from 由…引起,是…的結果
forbid wildlife hunting 禁止捕豬野生動植物
be aware of this ecological crisis 意識到這場生態危機
take on the responsibility of wildlife protection 擔負起保護野生動植物的責任
【點石成金】 the ups and downs of population growth
As is seen from the two graphs, it is clear that with the rapid growth of U.S. population from 1800 to 1990, the number of its wildlife species no longer existing soared during the same period. Naturally, we can draw the conclusion that the sharp decline of wildlife species resulted from the population growth.
Two reasons may account for this phenomenon. To begin with, as the population grows, people consume much more natural resources, which often leads to excessive hunting. Second, with the increase of human activities, modern people take up more and more space. Which has a great impact on other species. Finally, the problem of pollution becomes more and more serious with the development of modern industry. More and more animals have to adapt themselves to the decaying environment or move to a totally different place, but not all of them are fortunate enough to survive the changes.
Solving this problem calls for, above all, the government’s efforts to control population growth, to decrease industrial pollution and to enhance the laws to forbid wildlife hunting. Moreover, common citizens should be aware of this ecological crisis and take on the responsibility of wildlife protection. In a word, only when the government and the common people make joint e f forts can we hope to find a satisfactory solution to this problem.
【黃金模板】
As is seen from the two graphs, it is clear that …. Naturally, we can draw the conclusion that ….
… reasons may account for this phenomenon. To begin with … . second …. Finally.
… calls for, above all, … .moreover, … . in a word, only when the government and the common people make joint efforts can we hope to ….
【結構點評】
首段首句先描述數據,次句得出結論。次段首句是主題句,而後分三方面來說。第三段先分政府和公司兩方面來說解決方法,而後做結。
【妙筆生花】
首段首句非常精妙:先以as is seen from the two graphs開頭,再使用一個主語從句以表示客觀,而後用with the rapid growth和during to the same period來表示兩者之間的密切聯繫。第二句以naturally開頭,使用模板句we can draw the conclusion,而後引出同位語從句——物種的急劇減少是人口增長的結果。
第二段首句是常用的模板句,而後分三點來說。第一點是說隨着人口增長,人們會消費越來越多的自然資源,而這會導致過度的捕獵。句中consume、natural resources和excessive hunting分別表示“消費”、“自然資源”和“過度捕獵”。第二點是說隨豐人類活動的增加,現代人佔用了越來越多的地方,這對其它物種產生了巨大影響。句中human activities、take up和impact分別表示“人類活動”、“佔據”和“影響”。第三點是說污染的影響,其中後一句非常值得大家學習。
More and more animals have to adapt themselves to the decaying environment or move to a totally different place, but not all of them are fortunate enough to survive the changes.句中adept themselves to the decaying environment表示“適應於惡化的環境”,之後使用了部分否定句,survive表示“倖存下來”。
最後一段使用了分——總的結構,先分兩面三刀點來說,首句講政府應當控制人口增長,減少工業污染和加強法律保護。第二句是講公民應該意識到這場生態危機(ecological crisis)的嚴重性並肩負(take, on,亦可用shoulder)起保護動植物的責任。末句是以only開頭的倒裝句,是個經典模板句。
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